Easy2Siksha.com
   2022
/  
  VI
 : 3   :100
:     ,           
            

I.               
  ?
II.      ?     ,    -
    :
X
6
8
12
14
18
20

8
10
6
8
10
12

.      ?     
IV. R²           :
X
65
57
66

26
16
27
    :

Easy2Siksha.com
          , 5%
     β ≠ 0   β = 0    

V.               
          
VI.           ?
 – D
VII.     -        
         
VIII.    ?       
Easy2Siksha.com
   2022
/  
  VI
 : 3   :100
:     ,            
            

I.               
  ?
:                
   ,        ,        
             ,  
           ?      
              
              
               ,
      
        ,          
 
   
       : "" ()  "" () ,
        
1.      
      ; ,       :
Easy2Siksha.com
    (  ,       )
           
              
   
  ,       "   -    "
               
       
2.     
               
   ,  :
    ?
       ?
        ?
     ,  ,      
  
3.     
   ,        ,   
  
  ,       "    ,"    
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    10%    ,      ?
       
4.    
                
              
      100%        
   
5. -   
-      
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          :
   
   
   
    
  ,       
  
             ,   
  
1.    
                
 
  :
             ?
      ?
    ,             
2.      
         
    :
 
 
   
  
                
3.   
              :
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    ?
    ?
        ?
  ,              
      
4.     
        
   :
    
    
    
            
5.   
           :
   
    
     
      
6.  
  ,            
      
    ,        
 
,      
                 
,     
  
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    ,          
   
  : 2 + 2 = 4 ( )
,           
 :
     ;       
    ;       
    ;    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
      
  
    ,  ,       
   , ,         
   
 :
        ;     
   
        ;   (  ) 
 
         ,     
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,             
                

            
               ,  
                 
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  , -  -   , , 
     ,           

        ,         
               ,
            
II.      ?     ,    -
    :
X
6
8
12
14
18
20

8
10
6
8
10
12
:      ?
                 
    :
  (X):   
  (Y):   
     X  Y               :

:
=  (X = 0   Y  )
=  (X       Y  )
=   (X          )
    :       "  "   
    X  Y    
   
   :
X
6
8
12
14
18
20
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
8
10
6
8
10
12
, X   ,  Y   
   (OLS)        
OLS       Y    Y        
      
 1: X  Y     





 , X   = 13, Y   = 9.
 2:     (b)
:
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
     :
X


󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜

󰇛

󰇜
6
8
-7
-1
7
49
8
10
-5
1
-5
25
12
6
-1
-3
3
1
14
8
1
-1
-1
1
18
10
5
1
5
25
20
12
7
3
21
49
,  :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

,



 3:     (a)
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:
󰇛󰇜
 4:  
 ,      :

  
 (6.4):  X = 0,  Y    6.4 
 (0.2)X   1     , Y   0.2   
    X  Y        X    Y  
 
   
  X         Y       :
        (X=0),     6.4    
()
     ,    0.2     ()
,      (    ),     
  
   
:         (,    
)
  :            
  ,        

                 
          ,       
     :

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     X    Y         
          ,      
 

.      ?     
:                
              , 
,                
               ?  
    ()     
     ,            
     
󷄧󼿒     ?
             ( 
     )         (    
  )           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,          :
          ?
           ?
         ?
   ,           
 
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜 
        :
Y = β₀ + β₁X₁ + β₂X₂ + … + βₙXₙ + ε
        
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  (     ) :   
X₁, X₂, X₃…  (     ) :   ,

β₀ ( )          
β₁, β₂…      X     Y     
ε ()   ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔,       :
  =   +  
        ?
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸 ""    ?
        ,         
: =   + 
             
               
      ""    -       
 
      :
 (  )
 (  )
 (    )
 (  )
 (  )
 ,          
󷄧󼿒     
     ,        
 
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        -      ,   

1. 
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             ,   
      
:     ,     
   (   ),        

2.   
 (ε)        
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
     -      ,    
         
3.  ( )
     
       X         
    :
            
            
       
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4.   
     (    )    
   ?
             
,   ,         
5.    
         !
             
  :
         
                

     ,               
 
󷄧󼿒     
           
1.     ()
 -   ,     :
󷄧󼿒   
󷄧󼿒    
󷄧󼿒 ,      
              
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2.   
               
 β₁ = 5 ,    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔X₁      Y  5    
 -    
3.  
          
:
    
   
    
             
4. 
    :
󷄧󼿒 
󷄧󼿒  ( : /)
󷄧󼿒  
󷄧󼿒 
        
5.     
    -        
,         ,        
       
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󷄧󼿒
         -       
      
           ;      
     ,      ,   
            
        ,          -
, ,   
,              
     
IV. R²           :
X
65
57
66

26
16
27
     :

          , 5%
     β ≠ 0   β = 0    
: 1: R²    
R² ( )      (Y)       
  (X)    
o   0  1   
o            
o : R² = 0.80     Y      80%  X 
 
 :  R²,          
          -   
o :
Adjusted
󰇧
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇨
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 =   , =   
  ( ) ,     , 
   
   " "    ,   R² " "   
   
 2:    
X
65
57
57
54
66

26
13
16
-7
27
       :

 3: X  Y     



󰇛󰇜


 4:  (β)   
:
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
     :
X



65
26
5.2
11
57.2
27.04
57
13
-2.8
-2
5.6
7.84
57
16
-2.8
1
-2.8
7.84
54
-7
-5.8
-22
127.6
33.64
66
27
6.2
12
74.4
38.44
   = 57.2 + 5.6 - 2.8 + 127.6 + 74.4 = 262
   = 27.04 + 7.84 + 7.84 + 33.64 + 38.44 = 114.8
,
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


 5:  (α)   
󰇛󰇜
 6:  

 7: R²   
:


:
 =  =󰇛
󰇜
 =   =󰇛
󰇜
  :
 = 5, 5, 1, 484, 144 →  = 639
 ≈ 615.7
,



    Y   96.4%  X   
 8: 
, , .
Adjusted
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜


 ,  R² = 95.2%
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 9: β    
   :
- :
󰆹
󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
    , R²   (0.964)   ,     5%
 , df = n-2 = 3  ,  t3.182   t (≈ 9.1)   
 ,  H₀        

  :

R² = 0.964 →  Y  96.4%     
 R² = 0.952 →    ,   
       β ≠ 0 → X  Y    

  :
            
           
  ,     ,       
 (β)     ,       X, Y   
 
              
     
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
V.               
          
:1.   ?
  ,    ()         
         
     ,      ( = )  
            ,   
  ( = )  
 :
            ()    
 
2.      
             
                
 -  
              ,
     
 ,    -         
( )  
  :
X      
X      
         
3.     ?
           :
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        ,    
 
    
()    
  (   )    ,     ,
  :
   
       
()   
    
    :
-    
-    
         
,      :
        
          
       
4.          ?
          

.  
(i)  
-    -     
         
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   ,          
 
     
.  
              
1. - 
                  
    :
       ,      
 ( ):
1.   
2.   
3.        
4. -   
:
      
2.  
    
 :
        
   :
    ,    -   
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:
              
:
     ,           
3.  - 
                   
:
1. X       
2.      
3.        
4. -  
5. -       
:
       
5.    ?
      ,          
1.   
     
(a)  
       
:
Y   log(Y)   
X    log(X)   
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 ,            
2.    ()
     ,      
:
       
      
        
3.   
               
   :
     
           
:
        
     
:
    ,   
4.    
-        :
     
   
               
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6.   
     :
           
         
       ,        
        :
o  
o - 
o  
o  - 
        :
o  
o   
o   
o   
VI.           ?
:  ?
  ,    ()          
  ()                
 
       ( )
    X     (   ) →  
( )
 
     (X)   (Y)           
 ,      ,           
,           ,    
           
  ,     X     :
      ""    
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  ""  " "    ,  X      
      ?
1.   :   OLS    ,      
(    )
2.  :    ,  -  -   
            
3.  :        
 ,        ,      
     
        
       ,        :
1.  
            
          ,     
2. - 
             
    ,   
3.   
             
              
4. - 
               
     ,     
5.  / 
      ( , )     
    
 
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      ,          
 :
1.   
        
: Y  X     , log(Y)  X     
    
2.    ()
        
               

3.   
-      (    )
       ,        ,
     
4.  
-              ( ,
  )
              
   
                   
        ,        ()
           ,      
     
              ,     
      ,           

          
       ,      
 
      , -,   ,  - 
 
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   ,   ,       
 
 – D
VII.     -        
         
:   :     
                 ? 
   -       ,   , 
        ,       
  :
       ,          
     ,       -    
       ,       , 
     
                
       - 
    ?
    ()            
     
    
               , 
                  
       
   :
   =   
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    :
   =    +     +     
          
     
1.  :     
2.   :         
 
3.  :       
   
                 
     -  
-   ?
      
-  ( )             
     
,          ,         
  
  :
        
?             ₹40,000  ,  
  ₹10,000      ,        
-    
1.   :            
2.    :    
3.   :    , ,     
      
  
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           6   ,     
               
    -    
       ,      
1.  
  :           
 
- :        
2. 
:       
 :      
3. 
:             
 
 :          
4. 
:              
   
 :             

5. 
              -
          
 ,       ,      
    :   
             :
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  
    
 
      ,         
       ,           -
     -    
  :
      
        
       
    ,             
     
          
         
     ,        
1.  
       ,          
  
   ?
              
               
:      
2.    
  ,     
              
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  ,                 
  -        
3.     
          
     
-     :
 ,  
   
 
   ,         ,     
4.   
      ,         
           
5.  
    ,           ,   
  
       

 ,     -        
              -
   
          
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-      
             
    ,  , ,   
      
                
          ,      ,
       
VIII.    ?       
:   ?
              
             :
1     (   ),
0    (   )
    ,   ""          
     

                 
   (/)       ,      :
 = 1,  = 0.
                  
       ?
               
 , ,           
     :
    
      
    
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   ,        
   
1.   
         
:    ( = 1,  = 0)
                    
  
2.   
      
:   ,             (1)
  (0)   
        
3.    
   ,          
:     ,  Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4      
    -     
4.   
              
:    = 0,    = 1.
          
5.   
      -         
    
:              
            ,      
6.    
Easy2Siksha.com
  ,     (   )   

:      = 1,   0
              
    
    k  ,  "  " ( )      k-
1     
      ,     
          
   
                 
( )  (1)    (0)         -  
          

      
, ,              

      ,    ,   
,     ,      
     
              
    
             
       ,      